Brief Encounters

Brief Encounters is actually an adaptation of Noel Cowards 1936 one-act play, mum Life. It came out as a film in 1945. Set in the backdrop of World state of war II in 1945, the story tells of how Laura Jesson, a ho utilisewife and Alec Harvey, a married doctor, get to slowly kind a forbidden romance. They met at a legitimate cafe in a railway shoes and set a r wipeoutezvous at the selfsame(prenominal) place on several occasions. With that, a certain friendship based on companionship which fifty-fiftytually grew into love was formed. They arranged to meet at cursory opportune moments hence the title, Brief Encounters.The twain kept on with the relationship, stealing brief moments to see to to each one one an different(a)(prenominal). Then after, when Alec needed to leave the country for a job in South Africa, they said good day to each other and finally put an end to their especially-colored friendship. Alec and Laura met on the same cafe at the drop behind brand. ( Chadderton 1) Plot When Laura needed to go to Milford town, she usually goes for shopping and sees a film at the cinema. It was when she got a mainstay in her eye on the way home when she met Alec Harvey, a general practitioner who goes to the hospital as a consultant.Both of them are married and have deuce children. The two arrange another set of rendezvous and suddenly found that their friendship develops into love. This virtuallyhow affected Lauras relationship with her husband Fred. Secretly, they meet, wary of come-at-able lay on the line encounters with vernacular acquaintances, probably with a certain longing to spend more(prenominal)(prenominal) time with each other in private. There was this one time, after a certain number of meetings that they went to Alecs friend, Valentine Dyall apartment.It is upon chance also that this friend of the doctors suddenly arrives that our heroine needed to leave the scene through the lighting exit. It seemed though that all situatio ns surrounding the lovers did not permit them to achieve the happiness that they wanted to have together. hazard wanted to tell them that they have to cause the veridicality that they are tied to responsibilities in their respective families that the two decided to stop seeing each other. The last meeting that they had was when Alec heads to Johannesburg, South Africa. Laura went to see him off at the same train station in Milford where they first met.At the opportune time that they were seeing each other for the last time, a certain friend of Lauras named Dolly Messiter appears and gets to sit with them, uninvited. Until the end, the relationship seemed to have stood among rocks and even the last meeting has been only a brief encounter. Meanwhile, in ancestry to their love engagement, the leads were surrounded by other childlyer couples who were freer to love, were victorious in their relationship and were able to have the opportunity to experience passion. Myrtle, the statio n manager and Albert, the guard, actuateed an affair that was more open and passionate.The waitress, Beryl relished the gift of young and first love with cake-seller Stanley. Beryls dancing scenes has far dimmed out and at the same time placed a brighter spotlight to an unconsummated love affair between Laura and Alec. The story, which is all virtually having secret love affairs, is quite a common occurrence already during the time when the play was bufferly released. It might not seem to be a new concept that everyone would die to see but due to the vividness of the emotions of the characters, especially the woman, it appealed to a undischarged number of earreachs.Its be told in the womans point of discover really makes it much of a demonstration of repressed emotions and repressed sexuality, capturing real life human passion from every commoners life happenings. The original play has been adapted by various spheres in the United Kingdom such as the Oxford Stage and The L iverpool Playhouse among others. The latest and most talked about adaptation is that of the Kneehigh Theatre, a London-based international theater group, directed by their artistic director, Emma Rice, getting all praises from reviews and critics.Kneehigh Theatre started out fine with a instructor giving workshops in Cornwall in 1980, after which they started giving out shows for the common people of Cornwall and up until now, they remained in that place by choice. It is where they believe that they can produce the most possible fruits of creativity. we always try to start the original process at these barns, to be inspired by our environment and where we work. (Sheperd 2) The theatre is 28 historic period old now and has gathered quite a number of patron, or more so, devotee audiences.Their creative work usually rested upon the spirit of the eccentricity, sometimes also urbanely surreal and crazy. Ive know of usual scenes in the city with upbeat and loud music apply to be the ir signature room with added hoisting-in-the-air fantasies that ought to be their normal. For this recent adaptation of Noel Cowards Brief encounters, there was quite a noted convert in this style not actually a shift but a different attack. The characters stayed more on the ground and were more real and conventional. We saw characters full of emotions and humanity.This then proves the Kneehigh to be much more flexible and lived up to what they have been for the past 28 years. Upon the entrance to the Haymarket Theater, a foreboding message that this is the 1940s plays as the blue curtains covers the act. There was something about the lighting and music that reflect the 1940s and has given the audience a feel of watching and being in a real 1940s film. More divvy up comes way as actors themselves in 1940s costume usher in the audience. The idea of love in a repressed society in that specific time finds a good haven in this setting. The use of this technique has established the setting very well.It did not just show, but it would transport each onlooker to the time when the play was set. It was like watching the original film, although with more visual treats, and more elaborateness. Its surprising though that the play has incorporated cinema in it. Some scenes were live on stage, some were onscreen and at most, they were a combination of both. This combination of theater and cinema provided an aura of a film that is culmination to life. The black and white cinematic scenes makes the conveyance of the setting and dramatic situation more effective and make the adaptation of the play more accurate.In the cinema scene, the film used was the original Brief Encounters film with Laura and Alec academic session among the audience. An enigmatic and slightly comical effect was elicited from this manipulation. In the scene where Alec was trying to ask Laura if she feels the same for him, the sudden appearance of Fred (Lauras husband) on the screen has given this dreamy effect to the play and comes to come forward the much repressed emotions of Laura. The scene communicates much the idea of the characters waking up from a dream and having to face their responsibilities again.The incorporation of cinema in the show also solved what previous adaptations lacked in sincerity and real emotions. In the cinema, characters faces are focused and that would make the audience share the feelings of the characters. In this play, the use of proper stage acting caught what was there in the cinema. The acting of the characters was really effective and the cinematic effectuate helped a lot. Tristan Sturrock and Naomi Frederick shared a compatibility which made them seem inseparable as Laura and Alec. Since it was the 1930s, much modesty was detect in their relationship.Maybe the scene wherein they were undressing after plummeting down the river can be considered as one of the most tingling scenes. During that time though, it was necessary that simple hold hakes and cups of coffee should be enough to express love for each other. In the said scene scene, both were catching up with their modesty but failed as they ended up kissing. The recurring water waving into the screen intensified the idea of passion in the love affair and probably another attempt at depicting repression. Even so, an emotional connection between the two characters was very much established despite the limitation of romantic contac.The play has actually lived up to the original playwright. Not a lot of characters are needed to craft the play into something that is large, grandiose and festive. The presence of other couples has set love into three categories a freer love affair for two people among the working class, young love that transcends all classes and a forbidden, unconsummated love. The impact of the fact that most of the audience already knew how it would end all the more made the movie heart-wrenching than ever. Those brief encounters between Alec and Laur a made them seem as if they were stealing their chances on temporary happiness.Most wonderful is the use of the props vis-a-vis the use of the film clips and the maximization of the stage space. In Alecs first departure from Laura, Alec hopped into a small toy train which made an wry spectacle. Contrast it to how they made the refinement across the front of the stage, they pulled a vast amount of screen genuine in which a storey-high clip of the train where our Alec rode off shot across the entire stage with Laura attempting to take form with a highly dramatic death. The contrast was quite an impact. A trampoline was utilized for Stanleys entrance to the cafe, Beryl used a red scooter and rode around it.She threw it away in an angered fit of tantrums. On the other hand, Lauras children were played by two puppets. Some scenes used the screen as background. The use of the small objects gives a sort of a treat to the heaviness of the feelings of the audience. The use of the big tra in in contrast to the small props forget make you cringe with the climax of the story. It magnified the dramatic sad ending of the story. Never could be an adaptation be more effective. It cannot be anymore clever and brilliant. It is a solemnization of cinematography, theater and the totality of the elements of the performance.The incorporation of the film clips made it more effective in the sense. If one will refer to reviews of other adaptations of this play, it would seem that the Kneehigh Theatres occupation is the best of after the film. Liverpool Playhouses version back to back with another of Cowards works received the ire of the Catalyst Reviews thusly saying The plays could easily have been turned into radio plays visually seeing them was largely unnecessary the ponderous effects, notably of steam trains passing through the station could easily have been transferred to the radio. (Serjent 12) Another rework shown at Burton Taylor which was directed by Christchurch s tudent Georgie Paget got equally the same criticism although at notch milder. Alison Ireland of BBC made a rundown of the setting and the characters A table in a station refreshment room is not so prominent on stage and the staff, who provide a comic, lower-class backdrop for the lofty sad romance, are equals and fundamentally superiors in Still Life their robust humour, sensible decision-making, clear view of priorities and no-nonsense view of the world shows the upper class love affair for the anaemic misery it really is.(2) As for Kneehigh Theatres reviews, nothing could be seen but all praises. In Rices hands Brief Encounter is a clever, gimmicky production that has its fair share of humor. Yet theres passion, tenderness and sensitivity in abundance if you start to think about Johnson and Howard, it probably doesnt last long because the two main characters are exceptional individually and as a couple. (Orme 4) Kneehigh theatre is sure known for its inventiveness and ingenuity. Any piece of playwright given to them is like being put in the hands of a very powerful magician.Even the Royal Shakespeare Company entrusted them with Shakespeares late line of work play Cymbeline which Kneehigh took to Stratford as part of the Complete Works Festival. (Orme2) Cowards work fell into good hands with Kneehigh Theatre. It became a masterpiece that we only briefly encounter. References Chadderton, David. (2009) Reviews Brief Encounter. The British Theatre Guide. Retrieved April 17, 2009 from http//www. britishtheatreguide. info/reviews/briefenkneehighDC-rev. htm. Orme, Steve.(2007) Reviews Brief Encounter. The British Theatre Guide. Retrieved April 17, 2009 from http//www. britishtheatreguide. info/reviews/briefenckneehigh-rev. htm. Serjent, Colin. (n. d. ) Noel Cowards The Astonished Heart and Still Life. The Catalyst Reviews. Retrieved April 17, 2009 from http//www. catalystmedia. org. uk/issues/misc/reviews/Noel_coward. htm Shepherd, Mike. (2008). Introduction to the Kneehigh Theatre. Retrieved April 17, 2009 from http//www. kneehigh. co. uk/about-us/an-introduction. php.

In Twelve Angry Men Rose Shows That Doubt Is an Easier State of Mind Than Certainty Essay

bunch in the sweltering summer of 1954, Reginald Roses socially insightful play Twelve fantastic Men, illustrates the dangers of a justice system that relies on twelve individuals to reach a life or death decision with collective states of minds hindered by individual(prenominal) prejudice. At the conception of the play, rose explores the supposition that disbelieve is a harder state of mind than certainty by portraying doubt, in the guilt of the boy, as a minority view within the court populate. However, as the play progresses a seed of doubt is position and the importance of self prejudice hindering the verdict is removed, do it harder for the jurors to hold their certainty in their shamed verdict.At the conception of Twelve Angry Men, Rose exposes the audience to the devastating heat in the panel room which over looks the New York sky line on what is described as the hottest day of the the social class. At this stage it is revealed to the audience the apathetic nature of venire members, un enkindle in the grave responsibility they have in deciding the fate of the 16 year old boys life and more interested with the goal of escaping the plain, oven like dialog box room. With each juror being blinded by the thick glass over of heat In front of them a verdict of unlawful becomes the instinctive state of mind and the room for reasonable doubt is eliminated from all but atomic number 53. The author, Reginald Rose displays through juror 8 that to be dubious when challenging a majority becomes a harder state of mind, as its non easy to place upright alone against the ridicule of other at this moment juror 8 initiates his campaign that we can neer be certain about anything, we can only make assumptions based on the information provided.As juror 8s campaign continues, and the seed of doubt planted into the guilty minded jury members is fertilised thorough the analysing of facts the reasonable doubt slowly grows in the jurors minds, the audience begin to create an understanding that doubt is an easier state of mind than certainty, as to be doubtful you argon not responsible to that single view, as we are reminded in the text from juror 8 I dont know whether I believe it or not parting him from the majority but lowering the conflict, as he is not certain about the innocence of the boy rather not feeling not comfortable to raise his hand and send a boy off to die without talkingabout it first, making the doubtful state of mind an easier sense of conscience although a harder sense to preach onto the other jury members who consist of the majority.Towards the conclusion of the play twelve crazy men, doubt begins to become an easier state of mind as the persuasion of doubt is created through a range of events that after previously being concrete are now questioned, and the not guilty verdict is now the majority verdict, this releases the oppressively hot environment of the jury room through the delivery of rain, representing a Burst of relief and fresh air for the jurors. Although, Reginald Rose resolutely leaves one jury member (3) who is still stuck in the train of personal prejudice and believes the kid knifed his cause 6 inches into the chest. Juror 3s certain state of mind portrays him as the villain of twelve angry men, a man who is blinded by his own personal outside influences and is illustrated as a indomitable man with no integrity when defending his view of guilty, this shows that his state of mind being guilty now becomes the harder state of mind as he is left as the minority, and could not separate personal prejudice when dealing with the fate of anothers life, effecting his judgement.After juror 3 finally splits his affinity between his son and the 16 year old boy on trial a not-guilty verdict is delivered to the judge. Reginald Rose shows his intended audience at the conception of the film that doubt is the harder state of mind as juror 8 views on the boy and trial is challenging the majorit y, although throughout the progression of the play, not one juror member is able to hold his certainty, making doubt an easier state of mind as they do not have to hold a certain point of view and are not accountable to that single certain view.

My High School Years Essay

We all take a crap nice memories of when we tended to(p) risque enlighten. Memories that will neer be forgotten. For almost of us it has been a eon since high schooltime and it is all a blur. We all remember a lot of things, especially things that the school did and we didnt sanction of. Something that would annoy us, just we wouldnt be adapted to do anything about it. The majority of us, Im sure, dont like the way the school handled the schedule, the food we had for lunch, or the teachers we had to listen to. One of the things that they contract to change in high school is the way they handle the lunch periods. crop is already toughened on us because of all the homework we start out and I dont think is bazar that they wont allow us to pick our lunch period. We ar all accustomed to eat at a certain condemnation. The school would either fork up us lunch as well as advance(prenominal) or too late. If they gave us lunch too early, we wouldnt be hungry. In my case I w ould have breakfast during my probe hall which was 3rd period, then I would have lunch which was 4rd period. I would have to force myself to eat or else I would be hungry the rest of the day.If we had lunch too late, we would not be able to c oncentrate in social class because while we were working silently on our work we could get word our stomach growling, students that were sitting just about us would however laugh. I remember that when that would fall out to me I would start turning the pages of my book real fast so that the students around me couldnt hear me. When I was in high school most of the students were mean and unfriendly. It was really hard to make friends, at least for me it was, and to be placed in a lunch period where you didnt know any one(a) wasnt easy.Our high school had a big cafeteria that could be divided into three smaller rooms, exclusively they would never open up the walls. The reason for this was that there had been a huge fight once and they didnt indirect request any more confrontations. Each room had a name, they were named Commons A, Commons B, and Commons C. We werent able to pick the common in which we wanted to be in. The school, to make our life more miserable, would also give us assigned seats. One thing that I cant complain about and that my classmates are probably going to look at me right now for saying this is the food.I went to Belvidere High School and I loved the food I would look forward to lunchtime ein truth day just because of the food. Till this day I have not found alfredo sauce that is as good as the one that they just to give us in high school. One thing that I would dislike in high school was how they would run the schedules. They would give us too much time for one thing and not enough for another. We would go into a classroom for 15 legal proceeding and do nothing. This class period was called home room. The teacher was supposed to inform us of changes that would be going on around the school, b ut they never would.We would sit there for 15 minutes of our life and basically do nothing. The teacher herself didnt know what was going on. They also need to push away study hall, people didnt do their homework during study hall. They would just sit there and address, they wouldnt even bring their books to study hall. Instead of getting study hall we should get more gym time. I mean, 45 minutes isnt enough to actually exercise. By the time that we are done getting dressed we unless have about 35 minutes left. Then the teachers instead of hurrying up the students, theyre all over there having conversations with the other gym teachers .Then they take forever to take attendance. By then time theyre done explaining what were actually doing that day, we have like 25 minutes left of gym, not including the 5 minutes they give us at the end of the class period to get changed. 20 minutes is not enough time to run a gym class. We cant exercise, sweat and take a shower in that miniscule time and then the media complains that the students are obese. The method that some teachers have of teaching is absolutely awful. My Spanish teacher for native speakers was really nice and got along with everyone.All the students would talk so well about her, they would always say positive things about her. Probably because they never did anything while they were in her class. The only thing was that she was horrible at teaching. Well, it wasnt that she was horrible at it, it was just that she wouldnt teach anything. I remember she got sick and was out for three months. During that time we literally did not do anything. I remember that the substitute would just look at us and he would ask us what would we usually do, we would look at him, smile and answer nothing.Dont ask why, but this was the second year that I had taken Spanish class with her, so when she came back she told us that most of us had been with her for two years so she would give us a grade based on what we had gotte n the year before. I took that class to improve my writing in Spanish, to learn the proper grammar, but I did not achieve any of that. The English teachers werent as bad as the Spanish teacher, but we still didnt accomplish much. The only time that I remember writing an essay in high school was junior year.Maybe it had to do with the school that I was in. My junior year of high school I went to Belvidere High School instead of Elgin High School. In Belvidere High the teachers were a little more strict, at least thats what I thought. Until I found out that the only teacher that had ever assigned me to do an essay had been with one of the students. I was completely shocked because she had always been very professional about her job. Even though theres a lot of negatives things with the high school that I went to, I still enjoyed every minute of it.I got to meet new people and puzzle new things. Sure my high school wasnt the best, but I am still thankful that I received a basic educa tion. The only thing that I do regret is not going to prom. I told myself that if no one asked me to prom that I wouldnt go. Nobody ended up asking me so I didnt go. I lost the chance to experience something that you only get to experience once in your life. So enjoy your high school while you can because once you are out, there is no turning back.

English Lesson Plan

Lesson Plan Form 2 level unkept intermediate high intermediate Date 4th Mac 2013 Time 1 hour 30 minutes Subject EnglishTopic Natural Disaster (Geography) Focused skill Speaking (interaction and fluency) Integrated skill(s) Writing, reading and intellection skills Grammar structures/lexical items/phonology Lexis related to inherent calamity earthquake, flood, victim and etc Curriculum Specifications Form 2 1. Level 2,vi) Participating in teacher-guided class discussions on topics of interest by agreeing to other and saying so, disagreeing politely with another and giving ones opinions, def breaking ones occlusive of view. Learning outcomes By the end of the lesson, the Ss will be able to * Content Enhance their sleep togetherledge virtually the types of raw(a) adventure endure the positive and negative effect of the internal disaster * Language Use the register and lexis related to natural disaster e. catastrophe, volcanic eruptions, seismic waves, cyclone etc Increas e their orals with friends in L2 Practice genuine communication * Cognition mystify predictions based on logical speak uping Reflect on how the catastrophe affects peoples deportment * Internationalisation Develop their knowledge and awareness about the countries that are prone to natural disaster clean values and educational emphases (as appropriate) Develop awareness of the natural disaster, working collaboratively Previous knowledge Students already know types of natural disasters and a few basic effects and also mind mapping technique expect problems and proposed solutions Problem Ss present problems with vocabulary in the reading Solution Group discussion, provide dictionary or give personal help to the Ss Resources LCD projector, laptop, speaker, a video that consists of m either natural disaster, dictionaries, power point of the effects of natural disaster, reading for earthquake, flood, tornado, volcano eruption and tsunami (5 copies each), blank table for vocab lists a nd blank table for the similarity between the types of natural disasterStages/ timing Teaching-learning activities Interac-tion Rationale A) Lead in 5 10 minutesB) tax 125MinutesC) Task 230Minutes D) Task 330 minutesClosure5 Minutes 1. Make sure all Ss have a piece of paper and a pencil 2. declare Ss that they are going to draw a scene that you will describe 3. regularise the following text Draw three houses in the middle of the paper. Each of the houses has 4 windows and a door. On the roof of one of the houses, there is a man with a girl. On top of the paper, draw roughly clouds and pouring rain. There is water around the houses that touches the top windows of the houses. 4. Ask Ss to look at their picture and think what has happened in the scene. Eg a. Hurricane b. Tsunami c. Flood 5. Get some ideas from the Ss of what they think is happening 6.Try to elicit other vocab related to natural disaster from the Ss. E. g a. Tornado b. Drought c. Catastrophe and etc 7. Write the Ss dress on the board 1. Tell Ss that they are going to watch a video of various types of natural disaster (the video is about 7 minutes) 2. Ask Ss to draw a mind map of what they predict they might see in the video. Tell Ss that they can use the vocab written on the board) 3. Ask Ss to add the types of natural disaster (if they do not have it yet) and jot down the effects they have seen from the video to their mind map 4. capriole the video through laptop ( sour sure that the sound in good) 5. Ask Ss to check if their prediction is dependable 6.Ask Ss to talk to their pair about the video (3 minutes) a. What do you feel? b. What have you found out? 7. engage the students attention together and discuss with the whole class (7 minutes) 8. Ask Ss if they could think of the other effects of natural disaster. (8 minutes) E. g c. Are there any positive effects? d. If yes, what are they? e. What about the negative effects? 9. Show Ss the list of aftermath using the power point present ation 1. Divide Ss into small groups of 5 or 6 each and assign number to each of them from 1 to 5 (some Ss might have to be Siamese twin). 2. Assign each group with a type of natural disaster E. g Group A Earthquake, Group B Tornado, etc 3.Tell Ss that they will have to read materials based on the topics and while reading, they need to fill in the table given with lexis (either subject specific terminologies, academic vocabularies or other lexis) from the text given. 4. Provide the blank table and the materials to the groups according to their topic (everyone in Group A will get the reading on earthquake and others get their own topic). 5. Ask Ss to compare their answer with their friends. They could add more lexis as they are discussing. 1. Tell Ss that all of them are the representatives for their topic. They will present the selective cultivation about the natural disaster to the people from the other groups 2. Ask Ss to reread the materials. This time to hap randomness ab out the natural disaster. E. g a. The causes b. The effects c. The countries involved d. The process and etc 3.Ask Ss to discuss and compare their finding with the group members (10 minutes) to check and support sense 4. Regroup the Ss based on their assigned numbers (Group 1,2,3,4 and 5) 5. Ask the Ss to overlap and compare their findings and with the others (10 minutes) 6. Provide Ss with blank table (one each) 7. Ask Ss to complete the table with similarities and differences of the other types of natural disaster 8. Gather the Ss attention 9. Discuss the answer together 10. Ask Ss what they have gathered or find most interesting from the discussion. (10 minutes) E. g a. Do you find any similarities? b. Do you think there is any way to avoid it from happening? 1. Ask Ss what they have learnt and what they feel 2.Summarize the lesson PlenaryIndividualPlenaryPlenaryPairsPlenaryPairsPlenarySmall groupsIndividualSmall groupsPlenaryIndividualsSmall groupsPlenary * To introduce the to pic * To engage the Ss * To make the Ss interested * To initiate interaction * To promote interactive lesson * To practice prediction * To listen for specific information * To encourage reflective thinking * To allow them to practice their orals with peers * To expose them with the subject specific terminologies * To promote understanding of the lexis * To give specific purpose for reading * Encourage discussion and information exchange * To encourage ratiocination skills

Culture Convergence

Introduction In recent times, the world(a)ization topic is one of the almost discussed issue across the world. With globalization, countries has started to build fortifieder economic ties and be increasingly reliant on each another(prenominal) as it has never be. Some researchers argue of pagan intersection that is, as cardinal countries become closer with each other, they will be more promising to deviate each others conclusion, in that locationby bringing the two different endings to be more similar.For eccentric, the popular purification, which originates from westerly European and America, is often to be said to influence the developing Asian countries finis, and is often dubbed as westboundization (Leung et al, 2008). Conversely, there argon many another(prenominal) that argue alike of pagan divergence which is the sentiment that each nations culture atomic number 18 deeply rooted in the countries history, so that purge if outside culture try to influence the belief and attitude of the people, the contrast mingled with cultures substructure still be swaned, and wad even increase all over time (Axelrod, 1997 Turnbull & Sheehan, 2012).Hofstede (1980) defined four dimensions of culture that describes the fundamental similarities and differences of human behavior and decision making surgical process that forms part of culture. These dimensions will be valuable for measuring heathen carrefour or divergence. They consist of maleness/femininity, power distance, individualism/collectivism and uncertainty blockance. Power distance is the dimension of which inequality of power is pass judgment and accepted as normal by the less powerful members of formation and community.Masculinity/ Femininity is the measure of which union is oriented towards masculine value competitiveness, assertion, success , good performance, etc. instead of feminine value kindness, caring, empathy, etc. Individualism/ communism measures to what extent soc iety lets each individual care for their own more individualism centre that the ties in the midst of individuals in the society is more loose. Uncertainty Avoidance is the measure as to how much the members of the society avoid risky behaviors and stay the conservative way.This essay will try to discuss whether countries has experienced cultural take onnce or divergence, by first looking to the cultural divergence phenomenon, and then the cultural intersection phenomenon, and at last comparing both and giving recommendation as to how the risks of the phenomenon observed can be mitigated. Discussion heathen Divergence Axelrod (1997) argued in his model that local carrefour whitethorn baffle global polarisation. He contends that the convergence in society will stay in local area only, as the culture converge in a region that prepare nothing in common with neighboring regions.This causes local regions to oblige culture convergence, but in the bigger area, the difference ming led with cultures remain durable, thus increasing polarization or cultural divergence. Axelrod (1997) also argues that polarization level gets higher if there are a a couple of(prenominal) dimensions of the culture, many alternative traits on each dimensions, and if the size of the region is large enough to allow for many cultures, but small enough for the change process to finish before all cultural boundaries are dissolved by the spread of cultural traits. Further, Klemm et al. (2003) argued that the level of perturbation to a culture influences how the culture drifts.They argued that perturbation, up to a level, will bring a culture to converge together, but when the perturbation or influence is high enough, the culture will split into several sub-culture, meaning the culture has been polarized or diverged. This phenomenon can be attributed to several reasons, such as preference for more extreme views, geographical isolation, social differentiation (tendency for groups to come apart themselves compared to other groups), drift, the in and out of fads and fashions, specialization and changing environment or technology (Axelrod, 1997).There are almost examples of this phenomenon in the real life. For one, Turnbull & Sheehan(2012) argued that due to historical and cultural differences, the chain fast food caller-out McDonald micturate to alter their strategy and brand imaging in Canada and Japan. This happens even though they are a company that is trying to build a similar image in every country they are set up in. Furthermore, they also set in motion that some of Australias public relations policy clearly rejects that their culture has been assimilated to the US culture.Another example is given by Darling-Wolf (2004) interview with Japanese women about foreigners, in which he found that Japanese women are still viewing Western women as shallow, vain and selfish. Martin (2010) also found that Japanese people found foreign actors and actresses to be more likeable if they exhibit some Japanese characteristics. This indicates that Japanese women still acquire their cultural determine highly, and not influenced by the Westernization that may happen as a result of the strong ties between Japan and America. Finally, Anderson et al. 2000) found that there are significant differences between Indian and American aerospace scientists and engineers, particularly in the power distance, individualism and uncertainty avoidance dimension, indicating cultures still at the very least maintain their differences, if not diverging from each other. Cultural Convergence The theory behind cultural convergence impulse is that a nations culture is viewed as a subsystem of a global culture, and that culture is an open system that can exchange input and outputs with other cultures.Given this, to avoid entropy a system needs to reach an symmetricalness, which is the utter where all cultures are assimilated, and hence forming a culture convergence. This theory proposes that if two cultures interact frequently, they will most likely be converged together(Bergiel, 2011). One example that comes to mind when discussing convergence is Westernization, which is the phenomena where non-Western (typically Asian) culture are often changed and influenced with Western cultures through the exposure by media such as TV and Internet, as well as from dissimilar other interaction between the two cultures.The ever increasing global marketing, as well as the increasing number of businesses that expands their business to foreign countries, only serve as a vehicle for cultural assimilation to happen, as the two cultures will mesh together and form a stalls equilibrium according to this notion. This notion of cultural convergence also gain some support from researchers.As an example, Bergiel (2011) found in his study about Japanese and US culture that in regards of individualism, masculinity and power distance the shorten of convergence has been fo und to be very extreme, as the role of the two country reverses in between the two decades since Hofstede released his study in 1980. In 1980, the US society were said to be reserveing up the value of individualism, have low power distance and masculinity, while in this study it was found that without delay Japan culture has now moved from collectivism to individualism, surpassing the US score in the dimension, have lower power distance compared to the US, and is more masculine.However, this may be also influenced by the politic-economic factors in the two country, and not solely by the fact that the two culture interacted with each other. Also, in the long-term druthers it has been found that the two cultures converge, sporting similar score in that dimension. Further, Nieves et al. (2006) also found from their study that Mexican and American engineers has converged their culture in the individualism dimension, compared to when Hofstede did his research in 1980.Convergence Vs. D ivergence Hence, while cultural convergence theory contends that over time and different cultures that interacts with each other will form a stable equilibrium eventually, the cultural divergence theory contends that cultures will maintain its own unique identity, as culture needs big enough perturbation to have a lasting change, and they typically maintain their difference despite the influence from foreign cultures/countries.Some researchers argue that globalization will flip cultures to converge, as globalization means that information is very easily accessible, and cultures are exposed to other cultures constantly, so that in cultural convergence theory this will cause those cultures to form an equilibrium, and that the world is converging into a global village. (Inglehart & Welzel, 2005). However, some researchers also argue that globalization may not necessarily cause convergence. Inglehart & Norris (2009) argued that the globalization may even cause polarization of the cultu res.They argued that the values that the rich countrys public hold usually changes rapidly, while poorer countries generally are dilatory in adapting change in culture. This opens up a gap in culture difference between rich societies and poor societies. Further, they also found that richer countries also differ in culture in religionism to poor societies. Richer countries are becoming more and more secular in these days, while poorer countries are typically more traditional and religious.Similarly, richer countries are also moving towards gender equality, while many poorer societies still hold patriarchal values highly (Inglehart Norris, 2009). Further, this can also apply not to nations cultures, but also its subcultures. Typically, the richer societies in the urban area adopt new values more rapidly, and rural society sticks with their traditional culture and adopt changes slowly. Finally, convergence theory is argued to be exaggerating the level of consensus of core value betw een US and other countries, thereby reducing the actual level of assimilation barrier that exists in the real world.Hence, it is most likely that cultural divergence and polarization is what actually happens in the world. Organizations should take note of this divergence phenomenon in launch to successfully conduct a global or multinational operation. Some researchers argue that the national cultural difference may bring problems in an presidential term in the integration process and consequently friendship transfer (Vaara, 2003). The reason this happens is cultural difference is often thought to impede cooperation between the members.Further, Hogg & terrycloth (2000) argued that similarity are often a factor in deciding attractiveness and trustworthiness, and having different culture progresss an individual automatically less attractive and trustworthy compared to someone from the same culture. However, Sarala & Vaara (2009) argued that with different culture, organization may benefit from having different knowledge and repertoire that could be shared around. Hence, with cultural difference, knowledge transfer can potentially be more effective as there are more knowledge to go around.Although the knowledge potential is great, what is more important is to actually manage to spread it around the organization and make sure that individuals from different cultures are comfortable with each other. Sarala & Vaara (2009) argued that the way for organization to do this is through facilitated communication, in order to reduce uncertainty and increase trust between the members of the organization. Also equally important is that the organization management practice must be aligned with the nations culture that they are in, in order to wage smoothly in the face of cultural difference (Nieves et al, 2006).Hence, to be successful, an organization must proactively try to make the members of the organization increase their trust with each other, as well as changing the ir managing practices, depending on the culture that they are presently residing in. Conclusion In conclusion, cultural convergence is the theory that different cultures that interact in a regular basis will influence each other and form a stable equilibrium, thus converging the two cultures, while cultural divergence is the theory that states that cultural differences will be maintained, and even grow apart from each other even though they interact in a regular basis.The basis of cultural convergence theory is that the member of society will try to chase and assimilate the new foreign culture, while the cultural divergence theory contends that group tends to stay in spite of appearance themselves and differentiate themselves from other groups. In real life, it seems likely that the cultural divergence theory is correct, as even if a culture is experiencing change from foreign culture, the rate of change in the different part of society may be different, thus creating a gap as we ll.For example, richer societies tend to adopt new values quickly, while poorer societies might hold to their traditional value, hence creating a cultural divergence overall. To overcome this issue, organization needs to actively try to facilitate communication between the members of their organization if they have different cultures, as well as altering their management practice to fit the culture of the society that they are currently residing in. Reference Anderson, C. J. , Glassman, M. , Pinelli, T. (2000).A Comparison of Communications Practices Among Indian and US Scientists and Engineers. ledger of East-West Business,6(1), 81-108. Axelrod, R. (1997). The Dissemination of Culture A type with Local Convergence and Global Polarization. diary of conflict resolution,41(2), 203-226. Bergiel, E. B. , Bergiel, B. J. , Upson, J. W. (2012). Revisiting Hofstedes Dimensions Examining the Cultural Convergence of the United States and Japan. American Journal of Management,12(1), 69-79 . Bredillet, C. , Yatim, F. , Ruiz, P. (2010).Project management deployment The role of cultural factors. International Journal of Project Management,28(2), 183-193. Darling-Wolf, F. (2004). Women and new men Negotiating masculinity in the Japanese media. The Communication Review,7(3), 285-303. Hofstede, G. (1980). Cultures consequences International differences in work-related values(Vol. 5). Sage Publications, Incorporated. Hogg, M. A. , & Terry, D. J. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of management review, 121-140. Inglehart, R. & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, cultural change, and democracy The human development sequence. Cambridge University Press. Klemm, K. , Eguiluz, V. M. , Toral, R. & San Miguel, M. 2003. Global culture A noise induced transition in finite systems. Physical Review E 67, 045101(R). Leung, K. , Bhagat, R. S. , Buchan, N. R. , Erez, M. , & Gibson, C. B. (2005). Culture and planetary business rece nt advances and their implications for future research. Journal of International Business Studies,36(4), 357-378. Martin, D. (2012).Foreign women in Japanese television advertising Content analyses of a cultural convergence paradigm. European Journal of Marketing,46(1/2), 157-176. Nieves, R. , Mujtaba, B. G. , Pellet, P. F. , & Cavico, F. (2011). Culture And Universal Professional value In Global Organizations Is There A Divergence Or Convergence Of Cultural Values?. Journal of Diversity Management (JDM),1(1), 31-38. Norris, P. , & Inglehart, R. (2009). Is national diversity under threat? planetary communications and cultural convergence. Cosmopolitan Communications and Cultural Convergence Sarala, R.M. , & Vaara, E. (2009). Cultural differences, convergence, and crossvergence as explanations of knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies,41(8), 1365-1390. Turnbull, N. , & Sheehan, M. (2012, November). The impact of divergent histori cal and cultural factors on convergence in global communication practice. InWORLD PUBLIC RELATIONS FORUM 2012(p. 128). Vaara, E. (2003). Post? acquisition Integration as Sensemaking Glimpses of Ambiguity, Confusion, Hypocrisy, and Politicization. Journal of Management Studies,40(4), 859-894.

Crazy love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crazy cacoethes - Essay ExampleThe speaker then introduces the book Crazy Love, indicating that it is about living ones life radically for Jesus, and then begins to explore the contents of this book. This part of the lyric is highly effective as it functions as both an introduction and a suspenseful attention grabber, as the hearer begins to wonder what extremes the creator and speaker are recommending one go to live their life for Jesus. Throughout the speech a phone number of transitions are worked in so the speech does not simply grow stale or cheat on without a purpose. In these regards, its clear the speaker has mastered the content and chosen a speech that is well structured for delivery. This is improved by a number of real-world examples, such as the story of a homeless person that lives their life simply to spread the word of God.The speaker continues the speech in an well-being and impassioned way, further holding the viewers interest. The speaker indicates that dap ple they are being judged, they similarly passionately believe in the message and hope the audience will be moved by it. Even as the speaker relays this in an energetic way, one begins to sense that the speech is slightly contrived and perhaps over-rehearsed. It begins to be relayed in a slightly theatrical way that distances the speaker for their message, leading the listener to begin to question if they are truly committed to its principles. Still, other aspects of the speech come across highly genuine. The speaker is also apt at varying the intensity and her inflection. In these regards, its clear that while she may not truly be committed to the underlining message, she is non-the-less committed to delivering the speech in as convert a way as possible. As the speech continues a number of references are made to the notion of living radically for Jesus and the speakers personal life. These connections further enhance the speech as they bring the listener closer to the speaker an d the purpose of

Gloak's Safe-Action Advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gloaks Safe-Action Advertisement - Essay ExampleThe guy in the add looks like has military. Hes ex utilisation Instructor at Marine Corp. He has military clothing on that civilian wear He narrates how a thug tried to kick upon the front door of house while he was prosperous in opening the front door, what lied ahead of him became one of his worst night mares ever. The customer expresses his awe at the tenacity with which a loaded Gloak protected him and his family. This is one of the many amazing stories that Gloak intends to collect by means of this promotional campaign. At the bottom center of the page, the Gloak spokes person asserts how she hears these remarkable stories every other day. The on-lookers are prompted to channelize in their stories of Gloak on Facebook page of Gloak and get a chance to appear in a Gloak ad. The musical theme will elaborate on the advertisement, its appearance, the target market that it is intended for, its branding through the advertisement, t he ethos poignance and logos. It will critique the advertisement in greater depth over its strengths and weaknesses. The Gloak ad speaks to consumers in discordant ways both direct and in-direct. Through the given story, the ad speaks to the customer by telling him the shot will protect him no matter what the circumstances are. No matter how drastic the situation or how tough the encounter, Gloak will protect them.